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By the 1960s, they were widely used in all electronic systems, and as integrated circuits emerged in the 1970s, chips were increasingly mounted on the boards. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) were first used in the 1940s to connect discrete components together. The etching process is also used to create integrated circuits (chips). When passed through an acid bath, the unhardened areas are washed away, and the finished layers are then glued together. Light is beamed through a negative image of the circuit paths onto the photoresist, hardening the areas that will remain after etching. A copper foil is placed over a fiberglass or plastic base of each layer and covered with a photoresist. The 'printed' circuit is an etched circuit. The main board in a computer is called the 'system board' or 'motherboard,' while smaller ones that plug into slots on the main board are called 'boards' or 'cards.' See motherboard, expansion card and flexible circuit. The printed circuit board (PCB) is made of layers, from two to a dozen or more, that interconnect components via copper pathways. Printed circuit boardA rigid, flat board that holds chips and other electronic components. Adhered to credit cards and a variety of other plastic or paper cards, the low-density tape recording is designed to withstand abrasion from daily use.Д¬ards with magnetic stripes have been around since the late 1960s, and they co-exist with chip cards and wireless payment methods today. The uses of magnetic stripes are a testimony to their durability. Due to the daily, heavy wear these cards receive, the digital recording on the stripe is in a very low-density format and often duplicated several times in case part of the stripe becomes damaged. The tape is read by magnetic stripe readers incorporated into ATMs, identification readers and payment terminals. Magnetic stripeA small length of magnetic tape adhered to credit cards, badges, permits, passes and tokens.

HyperCard came out in 1987, and although it was used to create myriad applications, and many programmers loved it, Apple stopped enhancing it after the turn of the century and stopped selling it in 2004. Although HyperCard compilers were available from third parties, a runtime engine was eventually included in the stack so that HyperCard did not have to be installed on the target machine. The HyperCard program had to be resident in the computer to run the stack (the program). Complex routines could be embedded in the cards using the HyperTalk programming language. 'Stacks' of 'cards' were built that held text, graphics, sound and video with links between them.

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HyperCardAn early Mac application development system from Apple that was one of the first visual tools for building hyperlinked applications.

These are graphics cards and Ethernet adapters with some sound boards thrown in for good measure. See PCI Express.Д¬ards come in many shapes and sizes, but they all conform to the specific pin format on the motherboard sockets.

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For a brief description of each, see PC data buses. These are the expansion cards in desktop computers since the IBM PC AT in 1984. Today, PCI Express (PCIe) is the card interface in common use.

For example, in order to enhance video game performance, a faster graphics card is plugged into a PCI Express slot, and the internal display circuit on the motherboard is disabled.

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Subsequently, peripheral control was built into the chipset (see PC chipset) however, users still have options to install their own controllers. In earlier PCs, controllers for drives, input/output ports, display, network and sound all resided on separate plug-in cards. PCI and PCI Express are common expansion cards in use today (see PCI and PCI Express). Also called an 'interface card,' 'adapter' or 'controller,' all the printed circuit boards that plug into a computer's bus are technically expansion cards, because they 'expand' the computer's capability.

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This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ( ) expansion cardA printed circuit board that plugs into a slot on the motherboard and enables a computer to control a peripheral device.